GDA Nursing Class Notes 34

URINE

Urine is a liquid waste product produced by the kidneys as part of the body’s process of filtering and eliminating waste materials and excess substances from the bloodstream. It is primarily composed of water, along with various dissolved and suspended substances.

SL. NO.	CHARACTERISTICS	NORMAL	ABNORMAL
1.	24 hours urine in adult	1200-1500 ml	< 1200ml A large amount of over intake
2.	Color, clarity	Straw, amber transparent	Dark amber, cloudy, dark brown
3.	Odor	Faint aromatic	Offensive
4.	Sterility	No microorganism present	Microorganism present

URINAL

•Urinal is used for male patients to void the urine.

A urinal is a specialized fixture or plumbing fixture used for the collection and disposal of urine. Urinals are typically found in public restrooms, commercial buildings, and some residential settings, particularly in men’s bathrooms. They are designed to allow individuals to urinate while standing.

URINARY CATHETERIZATION

•It is the introduction of a tube through the urethra into the urinary bladder to drain the bladder.

Urinary catheterization is a medical procedure in which a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into the urinary bladder through the urethra or, in some cases, through a surgical opening in the lower abdomen. This procedure is done for various medical reasons and can be temporary or permanent.

BOWEL ELIMINATION

•Bowel elimination is the expulsion of feces from the anus and the rectum.

Bowel elimination, also known as defecation or having a bowel movement, is the process of expelling waste materials, primarily feces, from the digestive system through the rectum and anus. This natural physiological process is essential for removing undigested food, waste products, and toxins from the body.

COMMON BOWEL PROBLEMS

•Constipation – passage of small, dry hard stool or the passage of no stool for a period of time.

•Diarrhea – loose, watery stool.

•Fecal incontinence – loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous discharge.

 BED PAN

•It is made from steel or plastic device to meet elimination need of patient confined to bed.

•It facilitates both bowel and bladder elimination.

ENEMA

•It is the introduction of fluid into the rectum

•To relieve constipation

•To cleanse and remove fecal matter.